John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
British philosopher and economist, son of James Mill, whose work made a great impact on British thinking nineteenth century, not only in philosophy and economics but also in the areas of political science, logic and ethics.
A Mill is considered bridge figure between the eighteenth-century concern for freedom, reason and the exaltation of the scientific ideal of the nineteenth century and the trend toward empiricism and collectivism. In philosophy, systematized the utilitarian doctrines of his father and Jeremy Bentham in works such as Utilitarianism (1836), which argued that knowledge rests on the human experience and emphasized the role of human reason.
In political economy, Mill defended those practices believed more in line with individual liberty, and stressed that freedom could be threatened both by inequality social as political tyranny ideas discussed in perhaps the most famous of his essays, On Liberty (1859). He studied pre-Marxist socialist doctrines, and although it was never considered a socialist, very actively fought to improve conditions for workers.
In Parliament, Mill was considered radical in advocating measures such as public ownership of natural resources, equality of women, compulsory education and birth control. His defense of women's suffrage in the debates on the Reform Program of 1867 led to the formation of the suffrage movement. Mill also investigated causation, seeking an explanation in terms of empirical principles.
Among his numerous writings are featured Principles of Political Economy (1848), On the enslavement of women (1869), Autobiography (1873) and Three Essays on Religion (1874).
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